Indicators of Browsing Pressure Suggest Constraints on Riparian Willows: A Case Study From the Bighorn National Forest, Wyoming
Abstract
Willows (Salix spp.) are important compo- nents of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Willows are valuable forage for a variety of species, such as moose (Alces alces), elk (Cervus elaphus), beaver (Castor canadensis), and domestic livestock. Where willows grow to reach their full potential stature, they can serve as important cover habitats for a va- riety of mammals and birds. Along stream courses, woody riparian plants such as willows help protect stream banks from erosion; provide shade, which can moderate summer water temperatures; and make substantial contributions to aquatic food webs.
DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v36i6_bower