The Impact of Immersive Virtual Reality on Learning, Post-Hoc; a Cautionary Tale

Danielle Eve Schneider

Abstract


With the growing push to implement innovative technologies in today’s classroom, the prospect of infusing extended reality (XR)-learning has jettisoned education into uncharted territory, creating dynamic learning experiences with a potential breadth of unknown effects (Ahn, Bailenson & Park, 2014; Ahn, Bostick, Ogle, Nowak, McGillicuddy & Bailenson, 2016; Lieberman, 2018).  While there are significant merits of transporting learners to places that were previously inaccessible in the traditional classroom through immersive experiences, we must walk back the preconceived notion that because technology itself is engaging, students will be more engaged.  Additionally, the K-12 learning environment does not exist in a vacuum; what students experience in one part of their day has the potential to create a ripple effect in their subsequent lessons. This quasi-experimental study looked to explore the effects of XR-learning, specifically virtual reality (VR) on student motivation and engagement, post-hoc, in a middle school.  The implications of this research are promising and showed varying results based on engagement. The results themselves provide significant foundations for future investigations, however, the survey tool utilized in this research proved problematic and needs retuning for future studies.

DOI:10.2458/azu_itet_v7i1_schneider


Keywords


XR ( eXtended Reality); Virtual Reality (VR); middle school; engagement; presence; Immersive Cognition Theory

Full Text:

PDF HTML

References


Ahn, S. J., Bailenson, J. N., & Park, D. (2014). Short- and long-term effects of embodied

experiences inimmersive virtual environments on environmental locus of control and behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 235–245. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.025

Ahn, S., Bostick, J., Ogle, E., Nowak, K., McGillicuddy, K. and Bailenson, J. (2016).

Experiencing nature:embodying animals in immersive virtual environments increases inclusion of nature in self and involvement with nature. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(6), pp.399-419. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12173

Appleton, J. J., Christenson, S. L, & Furlong, M. J. (2008). Student engagement with school:

Critical conceptual and methodological issues of the construct. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5), 369–386.

Arvind, P., Pala,P., N'Kaoua,B., Mazaux, J., Simion, A., Lozes, S., Sorita, E., & Sauzéon, H.

(2014) Everyday-like memory and its cognitive correlates in healthy older adults and in young patients with traumatic brain injury: a pilot study based on virtual reality, Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 9(6), 463-473. DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2014.941952

Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. Psychology of learning and motivation, 2, 89-195.

Bailey, J. O., Bailenson, J. N., & Casasanto, D. (2016). When Does Virtual Embodiment Change Our minds?. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 25(3), 222-233.

doi:10.1162/PRES_a_00263

Black, J. B. (2010). An embodied/grounded cognition perspective on educational technology. In New science of learning (pp. 45-52). Springer New York

Bonato, F., Bubka, A., Palmisano, S., Phillip, D., & Moreno, G. (2008). Vection Change Exacerbates Simulator Sickness in Virtual Environments. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 17(3), 283-292.

Boykin, A.W. & Noguera, P. (2011). Creating the Opportunity to Learn. 42-43, ASCD, Virginia.

Chen, W., Chao, J., Chen, X., Wang, J., & Tan, C. (2015). Quantitative orientation preference and susceptibility to space motion sickness simulated in a virtual reality environment. Brain Research Bulletin, 11317-26. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.01.007

Dede, C. (2009). Immersive interfaces for engagement and learning. Science, 323(5910), 66-69.

Ehinger, B. V., Fischer, P., Gert, A. L., Kaufhold, L., Weber, F., Pipa, G., & König, P. (2014). Kinesthetic and vestibular information modulate alpha activity during spatial navigation: a mobile EEG study. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8.

Fredericks, J.A., Blumenfeld, P.C., & Paris, A.H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the

concept, sate of evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59-109.

Fowler, C. (2015), Learning activities in 3â€D virtual worlds. Br J Educ Technol, 46: 412-422.

doi:10.1111/bjet.12135

Foxe, J. J., & Snyder, A. C. (2011). The role of alpha-band brain oscillations as a sensory

suppression mechanism during selective attention. Frontiers in psychology, 2.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00154.

Gramann, K., Onton, J., Riccobon, D., Mueller, H. J., Bardins, S., & Makeig, S. (2010). Human brain dynamics accompanying use of egocentric and allocentric reference frames during navigation. Journal Of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(12), 2836-2849.

Heinz, A.J. & Johnson, J.S. Load dependent increases in delay –period alpha-band power track

the gating of task irrelevant inputs to working memory. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 11.

Howarth, P. A., & Hodder, S. G. (2008). Characteristics of habituation to motion in a virtual

environment. Displays, 29(2), 117-123. doi:10.1016/j.displa.2007.09.

Jiwon, L., Mingyu, K., & Jinmo, K. (2017). A Study on Immersion and VR Sickness in Walking Interaction for Immersive Virtual Reality Applications. Symmetry (20738994), 9(5), 1-17.

doi:10.3390/sym9050078

Keshavarz, B., & Hecht, H. (2012). Stereoscopic viewing enhances visually induced motion sickness but sound does not. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 21(2), 213-228.

Ladendorf, K., Schneider, D., & Xie, Y. (In press). Mobile-based virtual reality: Why and how does it support learning? In Zhang, A. & Cristol, D. (Eds). Handbook of Mobile Teaching and Learning. Springer: New York.

Lakoff, George; & Johnson, Mark. (2003). Why cognitive linguistics require embodied

realism. Cognitive Linguistics, 13(3), 245 - 264. UC Berkeley: Retrieved from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pv0z6cm

Lee, S., Sergueeva, K., Catangui, M., & Kandaurova, M. (2017). Assessing Google cardboard virtual reality as a content delivery system in business classrooms. Journal Of Education For Business, 92(4), 153-160. doi:10.1080/08832323.2017.1308308

Lenggenhager, B., Halje,P., & Blanke, O. (2011). Alpha band oscillations correlate with illusory

self-location induced by virtual reality. European Journal of Neuroscience 33(7),1935-1943. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07647.x.

Pan, J. S., Bingham, N., & Bingham, G. P. (2017). Embodied memory allows accurate and stable

perception of hidden objects despite orientation change.American Psychological Association, 43(7). 1343-1358

Pavone, E. F., Tieri, G., Rizza, G., Tidoni, E., Grisoni, L., & Aglioti, S. M. (2016). Embodying

others in immersive virtual reality: electro-cortical signatures of monitoring the errors in the actions of an avatar seen from a first-person perspective. Journal of Neuroscience, 36(2), 268-279.

Riva, G., Mantovani, F., Capideville, C. S., Preziosa, A., Morganti, F., Villani, D.,Alcañiz, M. (2007). Affective interactions using virtual reality: The link between presence and emotions. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9993

Rupp, M., Kozachuk, J., Michaelis, J., Odette, K., Smither, J. and McConnell, D. (2016). The effects of immersiveness and future VR expectations on subjec-tive-experiences during an educational 360°video. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 60(1), pp.2108-2112. doi: 10.1177/1541931213601477

Slater, M., & Steed, A. (2000). A Virtual Presence Counter. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 9(5), 413-434. doi:10.1162/105474600566925

Support.google.com. (2018). Expeditions Help. [online] Available at: https://support.google.com/edu/expeditions/?hl=en#topic=6334250 [Accessed 15 Jul. 2018].

Thompson, E. (2007). Mind in life: Biology, phenomenology and the sciences of mind. Harvard University Press.

Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (2017). The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. MIT press.

Young Youn, K., Hyun Ju, K., Eun Nam, K., Hee Dong, K., & Hyun Taek, K. (2005). Characteristic changes in the physiological components of cybersickness. Psychophysiology, 42(5), 616-625. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00349.x

Wang, Z., Bergin, C., & Bergin, D. A. (2014). Measuring engagement in fourth to twelfth grade

classrooms: The Classroom Engagement Inventory. School Psychology Quarterly, 29(4), 517-535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spq0000050