For food space: theorizing alternative food networks beyond alterity

Renata Blumberg, Helga Leitner, Kirsten Valentine Cadieux

Abstract


In response to calls by scholars to deepen theoretical engagement in research on Alternative Food Networks (AFNs), in this article we critically discuss and assess major theoretical approaches deployed in the study of AFNs. After highlighting the strengths and limitations of each theoretical approach, we provide an alternative framework – which we refer to as the Geographical Political Ecology of Food Systems – that integrates the contributions that have emerged in the study of the alternative geographies of food with an understanding of capitalist processes in the food system. We do this by bringing together literature on the political ecology of food systems and multiple spatialities, including Doreen Massey's understanding of space as a heterogeneous multiplicity and Eric Sheppard's conceptualization of sociospatial positionality. We utilize research on agrarian change and AFNs in Eastern Europe to elaborate this approach. We argue that this new perspective helps navigate tensions in AFN scholarship, and provides new avenues for research and action. We focus particularly on the ability of AFNs to provide a sustainable livelihood for participating farmers, thus far a neglected topic in AFN research in Europe.

Keywords: Alternative Food Networks, Eastern Europe, spatialities, positionality, livelihoods


Full Text:

PDF

References


Abrahams, C. 2007. Globally useful conceptions of alternative food networks in the developing south: the case of Johannesburg's urban food supply system. In Maye D., L. Holloway and M. Kneafsey (eds.). Alternative food geographies: representation and practice. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Pp. 95-114.

Aguilar, F.V. 2005. Excess possibilities? Ethics, populism and community economy. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 26(1): 27-31.

Aistara, G.A. 2015. Good, clean, fair … and illegal: paradoxes of food ethics in post-socialist Latvia. Journal of Baltic Studies 46(3): 283-298.

Alavi, H. and T. Shanin. 1988. Introduction. In Kautsky K. The agrarian question. London: Zwan Press.

Alkon, A.H. and C.G. McCullen. 2011. Whiteness and farmers markets: performances, perpetuations… contestations? Antipode 43(4): 937-959.

AnÄić, B., M. Domazet and D. Župarić-Iljić. 2019. "For my health and for my friends": exploring motivation, sharing, environmentalism, resilience and class structure of food self-provisioning. Geoforum 106: 68-77.

Andreatta, S.L. 2000. Marketing strategies and challenges of small-scale organic producers in central North Carolina. Culture and Agriculture 22(3): 40-50.

Andrée, P., J. Dibden, V. Higgins and C. Cocklin. 2010. Competitive productivism and Australia's emerging 'alternative' agri-food networks: producing for farmers' markets in Victoria and beyond. Australian Geographer 41(3): 307-322.

Bair, J., C. Berndt, M. Boeckler and M. Werner. 2013. Dis/articulating producers, markets, and regions: new directions in critical studies of commodity chains. Environment and Planning A 45(11): 2544-2552.

Bair, J. and M. Werner. 2011. Commodity chains and the uneven geographies of global capitalism: a disarticulations perspective. Environment and Planning A 43(5): 988-997.

Bakker, K. and G. Bridge. 2006. Material worlds? Resource geographies and the 'matter of nature'. Progress in Human Geography 30(1): 5-27.

Balázs, B., G. Pataki and O. Lazányi. 2016. Prospects for the future: community supported agriculture in Hungary. Futures 83: 100-111.

Barta, A. 2017. Habitus in alternative food practice: exploring the role of cultural capital in two contrasting case studies in Glasgow. Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society 5(2): 27-41.

Batterbury, S.P.J. 2001. Landscapes of diversity: a local political ecology of livelihood diversification in south-western Niger. Ecumene 8(4): 437-464.

Beckie, M.A., E.H. Kennedy and H. Wittman. 2012. Scaling up alternative food networks: farmers' markets and the role of clustering in western Canada. Agriculture and Human Values 29(3): 333-345.

Bellows, A.C. 2004. One hundred years of allotment gardens in Poland. Food and Foodways 12(4): 247-276.

Benedek, Z. and B. Balázs. 2016. Current status and future prospect of local food production in Hungary: a spatial analysis. European Planning Studies 24(3): 607-624.

Bernstein, H. 2010. Class dynamics of agrarian change. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press.

Berry, S. 1993. No condition is permanent: the social dynamics of agrarian change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Best, H. 2008. Organic agriculture and the conventionalization hypothesis: a case study from West Germany. Agriculture and Human Values 25(1): 95-106.

Bilewicz, A. and R. Åšpiewak. 2018. Beyond the "Northern" and "Southern" divide: food and space in Polish consumer cooperatives. East European Politics and Societies 33(3): 579-602.

Blumberg, R. 2015. Geographies of reconnection at the marketplace. Journal of Baltic Studies 46(3): 299-318.

Blumberg, R. 2018. Alternative food networks and farmer livelihoods: a spatializing livelihoods perspective. Geoforum 88: 161-173.

Blumberg, R. and D. Mincyte. 2019a. Infrastructures of taste: rethinking local food histories in Lithuania. Appetite 138: 252-259.

Blumberg, R. and D. Mincyte. 2019b. Beyond Europeanization: the politics of scale and positionality in Lithuania's alternative food networks. European Urban and Regional Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776419881174

Bohle, D. and B. Greskovits. 2006. Capitalism without compromise: strong business and weak labor in Eastern Europe's new transnational industries. Studies in Comparative International Development 41(1): 3-25.

Born, B. and M. Purcell. 2006. Avoiding the local trap: scale and food systems in planning research. Journal of Planning Education and Research 26(2): 195-207.

Böröcz, J. and M. Kovács (eds.). 2001. Empire's new clothes: unveiling EU-enlargement. Shropshire: Central Europe Review e-books.

Bradley, K. and H. Herrera. 2016. Decolonizing food justice: naming, resisting, and researching colonizing forces in the movement. Antipode 48(1): 97-114.

Brawner, A.J. 2015. Permaculture in the margins: realizing Central European regeneration. Journal of Political Ecology 22(1): 429-444.

Brüggemeier, F.J., M. Cioc and T. Zeller (eds.). 2005. How green were the Nazis? Nature, environment, and nation in the Third Reich. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.

Brunori, G., A. Rossi, and V. Malandrin. 2011. Co-producing transition: innovation processes in farms adhering to solidarity-based purchase groups (GAS) in Tuscany, Italy. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 18(1): 28-53.

Buck, D., C. Getz and J. Guthman. 1997. From farm to table: the organic vegetable commodity chain of northern California. Sociologia Ruralis 37(1): 3-20.

Burawoy, M. and K. Verdery (eds.). 1999. Uncertain transition: ethnographies of change in the postsocialist world. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield.

Buttel, F.H. 2001. Some reflections on late twentieth century agrarian political economy. Sociologia Ruralis 41(2): 165-181.

Cadieux, K.V. 2016. Possible moral ecologies, the function of everyday curation, and the experience of regions. Journal of Political Ecology 23(1): 134-146.

Caldwell, M.L. (ed.). 2009. Food and everyday life in the postsocialist world. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Charatsari, C., F. Kitsios and E.D. Lioutas. 2019. Short food supply chains: the link between participation and farmers' competencies. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170519000309

Castree, N. 1999. Envisioning capitalism: geography and the renewal of Marxian political economy. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24(2): 137-158.

Chaplin, H., S. Davidova and M. Gorton. 2004. Agricultural adjustment and the diversification of farm households and corporate farms in Central Europe. Journal of Rural Studies 20(1): 61-77.

Chayanov, A.V. 1986 [1923]. The theory of peasant economy. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Chayanov, A.V. 1991 [1927]. The theory of peasant co-operatives. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.

Clark, J.R.A. and A.R. Jones. 2011. The spatialising politics of European political practice: transacting 'Eastness' in the European Union. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 29(2): 291-308.

Connelly, S., S. Markey and M. Roseland. 2011. Bridging sustainability and the social economy: achieving community transformation through local food initiatives. Critical Social Policy 31(2): 308-324.

Corsi A., B. Filippo, E. Dansero, and C. Peano. 2018. Alternative food networks: an interdisciplinary assessment. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.

Crang, M. and N.J. Thrift (eds.). 2000. Thinking space. London: Routledge.

Creed, G.W. 1998. Domesticating revolution. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Czegledy, A. 2002. Urban peasants in a post-socialist world: small-scale agriculturalists in Hungary. In P. Leonard and K. Kaneff (eds.). Post-socialist peasant? Rural and urban constructions of identity in Eastern Europe. London: Palgrave.

Darnhofer, I., W. Schneeberger and B. Freyer. 2005. Converting or not converting to organic farming in Austria: farmer types and their rationale. Agriculture and Human Values 22(1): 39-52.

Dixon, J. and C. Richards. 2016. On food security and alternative food networks: understanding and performing food security in the context of urban bias. Agriculture and Human Values 33(1): 191-202.

Dorondel, S. 2016. Disrupted landscapes: state, peasants and the politics of land in postsocialist Romania. New York: Berghahn.

Drewnowski, A. and S. Specter. 2004. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79(1): 6-16.

Duijzings, G. (ed.). 2013. Global villages: rural and urban transformations in contemporary Bulgaria. London: Anthem Press.

Dunn, E.C. 2003. Trojan pig: paradoxes of food safety regulation. Environment and Planning A 35(8): 1493-1511.

DuPuis, E.M. and D. Goodman. 2005. Should we go "home" to eat? Toward a reflexive politics of localism. Journal of Rural Studies 21(3): 359-371.

Dzenovska, D. 2013. Historical agency and the coloniality of power in postsocialist Europe. Anthropological Theory 13(4): 394-416.

Edelman, M. 1999. Peasants against globalization: rural social movements in Costa Rica. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Eurostat. 2018. Small and large farms in the EU - statistics from the farm structure survey - Statistics Explained.

Fang, M., A.M. Buttenheim, J. Havass and S.E. Gollust. 2013. It's not an 'if you build it they will come' type of scenario: stakeholder perspectives on farmers' markets as a policy solution to food access in low-income neighborhoods. Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition 8(1): 39-60.

Feagan, R. 2007. The place of food: mapping out the 'local' in local food systems. Progress in Human Geography 31(1): 23-42.

Forssell, S. and L. Lankoski. 2015. The sustainability promise of alternative food networks: an examination through "alternative" characteristics. Agriculture and Human Values 32(1): 63-75.

Freedman, D.A., N. Vaudrin, C. Schneider, E. Trapl, P. Ohri-Vachaspati, M. Taggart and S. Flocke. 2016. Systematic review of factors influencing farmers' market use overall and among low-income populations. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116(7): 1136-1155.

Friedmann, H. 1978. World market, state, and family farm: social bases of household production in the era of wage labor. Comparative Studies in Society and History 20(4): 545-586.

Galbreath, D.J. (ed.). 2013. Contemporary environmentalism in the Baltic states: from phosphate springs to "Nordstream." London: Routledge.

Galt, R.E. 2013a. The moral economy is a double-edged sword: explaining farmers' earnings and self-exploitation in community-supported agriculture. Economic Geography 89(4): 341-365.

Galt, R.E. 2013b. Placing food systems in first world political ecology: a review and research agenda. Geography Compass 7(9): 637-658.

Gibson-Graham, J.K. 1996. The end of capitalism (as we knew it): a feminist critique of political economy. Oxford: Blackwell.

Glassman, J. 2003. Rethinking overdetermination, structural power, and social change: a critique of Gibson-Graham, Resnick, and Wolff. Antipode 35(4): 678-698.

Goodman, D. 2004. Rural Europe redux? Reflections on alternative agro-food networks and paradigm change. Sociologia Ruralis 44(1): 3-16.

Goodman, D. and E.M. DuPuis. 2002. Knowing food and growing food: beyond the production-consumption debate in the sociology of agriculture. Sociologia Ruralis 42(1): 5-22.

Goodman, D., E.M. DuPuis and M.K. Goodman. 2012. Alternative food networks: knowledge, practice, and politics. New York: Routledge.

Goodman, D., and M. Goodman. 2007. Localism, livelihoods and the 'post-organic': changing perspectives on alternative food networks in the United States. In Maye D., L. Holloway and M. Kneafsey (eds.). Alternative food geographies: representation and practice. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Pp. 23-38.

Goodman, M.K. 2016. Food geographies I: relational foodscapes and the busy-ness of being more-than-food. Progress in Human Geography 40(2): 257-266.

Grivins, M. and T. Tisenkopfs. 2015. A discursive analysis of oppositional interpretations of the agro-food system: a case study of Latvia. Journal of Rural Studies 39: 111-121.

Grosz, E. 1994. Volatile bodies: toward a corporeal feminism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Guptill, A. and J.L. Wilkins. 2002. Buying into the food system: trends in food retailing in the US and implications for local foods. Agriculture and Human Values 19(1): 39-51.

Guthman, J. 2004. Agrarian dreams: the paradox of organic farming in California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Guthman, J. 2008. Neoliberalism and the making of food politics in California. Geoforum 39(3): 1171-1183.

Hann, C.M. (ed.). 2002. Postsocialism: ideals, ideologies, and practices in Eurasia. London: Routledge.

Hann, C.M. (ed.). 2003. The postsocialist agrarian question: property relations and the rural condition. Münster: Lit Verlag Münster.

Harboe Knudsen, I. 2010. The insiders and the outsiders: standardization and 'failed' person-making in a Lithuanian market place. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 42(62): 71-93.

Harvey, D. 1989. From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: the transformation in urban governance in late capitalism. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 71(1): 3-17.

Hayes-Conroy, J.S. 2009. Visceral reactions: alternative food and social difference in two North American schools. PhD Dissertation, Geography. College Station: Pennsylvania State University.

Hinrichs, C.C. 2003. The practice and politics of food system localization. Journal of Rural Studies 19(1): 33-45.

Holloway, L. and Kneafsey, M., 2000. Reading the space of the farmers' market: a preliminary investigation from the UK. Sociologia ruralis 40(3): 285-299.

Holloway, L., M. Kneafsey, L. Venn, R. Cox, E. Dowler and H. Tuomainen. 2007. Possible food economies: a methodological framework for exploring food production-consumption relationships. Sociologia Ruralis 47(1): 1-19.

Hopkinson, G.C. 2017. Making a market for male dairy calves: alternative and mainstream relationality. Journal of Marketing Management 33(7-8): 556-579.

Hough, P.A. 2011. Disarticulations and commodity chains: cattle, coca, and capital accumulation along Colombia's agricultural frontier. Environment and Planning A 43(5): 1016-1034.

Humphrey, C. and R. Mandel (eds.). 2002. Markets and moralities: ethnographies of postsocialism. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

Ilbery, B. and D. Maye. 2005. Alternative (shorter) food supply chains and specialist livestock products in the Scottish–English borders. Environment and Planning A 37(5): 823-844.

Jancius, A. 2006. Unemployment, deindustrialization, and 'community economy' in eastern Germany. Ethnos 71(2): 213-232.

Jarosz, L. 2008. The city in the country: growing alternative food networks in Metropolitan areas. Journal of Rural Studies 24(3): 231-244.

Jung, Y., J. Klein and M.L. Caldwell (eds.). 2014. Ethical eating in the postsocialist and socialist world. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Kirwan, J. 2004. Alternative strategies in the UK agro-food system: interrogating the alterity of farmers' markets. Sociologia Ruralis 44(4): 395-415.

Kneafsey, M., L. Venn, U. Schmutz, B. Bálint, L. Trenchard, T. Eyden-Wood, E. Bos, G. Sutton and M. Blackett 2013. Short food supply chains and local food systems in the EU. A state of play of their socio-economic characteristics. European Union: JRC Scientific and Policy Reports, European Commission.

Laurie, N.D. 2005. Putting the messiness back in: towards a geography of development as creativity. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 26(1): 32-35.

Le Velly, R. and I. Dufeu. 2016. Alternative food networks as "market agencements": exploring their multiple hybridities. Journal of Rural Studies 43: 173-182.

Leiper, C. and A. Clarke-Sather. 2017. Co-creating an alternative: the moral economy of participating in farmers' markets. Local Environment 22(7): 840-858.

Leitner, H., E. Sheppard and K.M. Sziarto. 2008. The spatialities of contentious politics. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 33(2): 157-172.

Lieskovský, J., P. Kenderessy, J. Špulerová, T. Lieskovský, P. Koleda, F. Kienast and U. Gimmi. 2014. Factors affecting the persistence of traditional agricultural landscapes in Slovakia during the collectivization of agriculture. Landscape Ecology 29(5): 867-877.

Little, R., D. Maye and B. Ilbery. 2010. Collective purchase: moving local and organic foods beyond the niche market. Environment and Planning A 42(8): 1797-1813.

Lockie, S. and S. Kitto. 2000. Beyond the farm gate: production-consumption networks and agri-food research. Sociologia Ruralis 40(1): 3-19.

Low, S.A. and S.J. Vogel. 2011. Direct and intermediated marketing of local foods in the United States. ERR-128, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.

Low, S.A. Adalja, E. Beaulieu, N. Key, S. Martinez, A. Melto and B. Jablonski. 2015. Trends in U.S. local and regional food systems: a report to Congress. Administrative Publication No. (AP-068) USDA.

Marsden, T., J. Banks and G. Bristow. 2000. Food supply chain approaches: exploring their role in rural development. Sociologia Ruralis 40(4): 424-438.

Massey, D. 1994. Space, place and gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Massey, D. 2005. For space. London: Sage.

Massey, D. 2007. World city. Malden, MA: Polity Press.

Mathijs, E. and N. Noev. 2004. Subsistence farming in Central and Eastern Europe: empirical evidence from Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania. Eastern European Economics 42(6): 72-89.

Matijevic, P. and Z. Boni. 2019. Introduction: losing appetite for the EU? Tensions around food in Central and Eastern Europe. Appetite 140: 305-308.

McCusker, B. and E.R. Carr. 2006. The co-production of livelihoods and land use change: case studies from South Africa and Ghana. Geoforum 37(5): 790-804.

Mincyte, D. 2009. Everyday environmentalism: the practice, politics, and nature of subsidiary farming in Stalin's Lithuania. Slavic Review 68(1): 31-49.

Mincyte, D. 2011. Subsistence and sustainability in postâ€industrial Europe: The politics of smallâ€scale farming in Europeanising Lithuania. Sociologia Ruralis 51(2): 101-118.

Mincyte, D. 2012. How milk does the world good: vernacular sustainability and alternative food systems in post-socialist Europe. Agriculture and Human Values 29(1): 41-52.

Morgan, K., T. Marsden and J. Murdoch. 2006. Worlds of food: place, power, and provenance in the food chain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Murdoch, J. 2000. Networks — a new paradigm of rural development? Journal of Rural Studies 16(4): 407-419.

Murdoch, J., T. Marsden and J. Banks. 2000. Quality, nature, and embeddedness: some theoretical considerations in the context of the food sector. Economic Geography 76(2): 107-125.

Nagar, R., V. Lawson, L. McDowell and S. Hanson. 2002. Locating globalization: feminist (re)readings of the subjects and spaces of globalization. Economic Geography 78(3): 257-284.

Neilson, J. 2007. Institutions, the governance of quality and on-farm value retention for Indonesian specialty coffee. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 28(2): 188-204.

Panke, D. 2010. Small states in the European Union: structural disadvantages in EU policy-making and counter-strategies. Journal of European Public Policy 17(6): 799-817.

Pavlínek, P. and J. Pickles. 2002. Environmental transitions. London: Routledge.

Pavlovskaya, M. 2004. Other transitions: multiple economies of Moscow households in the 1990s. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94(2): 329-351.

Phillips, S.D. 2002. Half-lives and healthy bodies: discourses on contaminated food and healing in post-Chernobyl Ukraine. Food and Foodways 10(1-2): 27-53.

Ponte, S. 2016. Convention theory in the anglophone agro-food literature: past, present and future. Journal of Rural Studies 44: 12-23.

Probyn, E. 2000. Carnal appetites: foodsexidentities. London: Routledge.

Psarikidou, K. and B. Szerszynski. 2012. Growing the social: alternative agrofood networks and social sustainability in the urban ethical foodscape. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 8(1): 30-39.

Pungas, L. 2019. Food self-provisioning as an answer to the metabolic rift: the case of 'dacha resilience' in Estonia. Journal of Rural Studies 68: 75-86.

Qazi, J.A. and T.L. Selfa. 2005. The politics of building alternative agro-food networks in the belly of agro industry. Food, Culture and Society 8(1): 45-72.

Ramamurthy, P. 2000. The cotton commodity chain, women, work and agency in India and Japan: the case for feminist agro-food systems research. World Development 28(3): 551-578.

Ramamurthy, P. 2011. Rearticulating caste: the global cottonseed commodity chain and the paradox of smallholder capitalism in South India. Environment and Planning A 43(5): 1035-1056.

Râmniceanu, I. and R. Ackrill. 2007. EU rural development policy in the new member states: promoting multifunctionality? Journal of Rural Studies 23(4): 416-429.

Razavi, S. 2009. Engendering the political economy of agrarian change. The Journal of Peasant Studies 36(1): 197-226.

Renting, H., T.K. Marsden and J. Banks. 2003. Understanding alternative food networks: exploring the role of short food supply chains in rural development. Environment and Planning A 35(3): 393-411.

Robbins, P. 2012. Political ecology: a critical introduction. Malden, MA: Wiley.

Roep, D. and H. Wiskerke (eds.). 2006. Nourishing networks: fourteen lessons about creating sustainable food supply chains. Wageningen: Wageningen University.

Sage, C. 2003. Social embeddedness and relations of regard: alternative 'good food' networks in south-west Ireland. Journal of Rural Studies 19(1): 47-60.

Sage, C. 2007. Trust in markets: economies of regard and spaces of contestation in alternative food networks. In Cross J. and A. Morales (eds.). Street entrepreneurs: people, place and politics in local and global perspective. New York: Routledge. Pp. 147-163.

Schwartz, K.Z. 2005. Wild horses in a 'European wilderness': imagining sustainable development in the post-Communist countryside. Cultural geographies 12(3): 292-320.

Scott, J. 1976. The moral economy of the peasant: rebellion and subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Seeth, H.T., S. Chachnov, A. Surinov and J. Von Braun. 1998. Russian poverty: muddling through economic transition with garden plots. World Development 26(9): 1611-1624.

Selfa, T. and J. Qazi. 2005. Place, taste, or face-to-face? Understanding producer–consumer networks in "local" food systems in Washington state. Agriculture and Human Values 22(4): 451-464.

Shanin, T. 2009. Chayanov's treble death and tenuous resurrection: an essay about understanding, about roots of plausibility and about rural Russia. The Journal of Peasant Studies 36(1): 83-101.

Sheppard, E. 2002. The spaces and times of globalization: place, scale, networks, and positionality. Economic Geography 78(3): 307-330.

Si, Z., T. Schumilas and S. Scott. 2015. Characterizing alternative food networks in China. Agriculture and Human Values 32: 299-313.

Skorupski, J. 2012. Industrial animal farming in Poland as a major threat to the natural environment of the Baltic Sea. Coastline Reports 20: 45-53.

Slocum, R. 2007. Whiteness, space and alternative food practice. Geoforum 38(3): 520-533.

Smeds, J. 2015. Growing through connections – A multi-case study of two alternative food networks in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society 2(2): 48-61.

Smith, A. and Stenning, A. 2006. Beyond household economies: articulations and spaces of economic practice in postsocialism. Progress in Human Geography 30(2): 190-213.

Smith, A., A. Stenning, A. Rochovská and D. Świa̧tek. 2008. The emergence of a working poor: labour markets, neoliberalisation and diverse economies in post-socialist cities. Antipode 40(2): 283-311.

Smith, J.T., R.N.J. Comans, N.A. Beresford, S. M. Wright, B.J. Howard and W.C. Camplin. 2000. Chernobyl's legacy in food and water. Nature 405: 141.

Smith, J. and P. JehliÄka. 2013. Quiet sustainability: fertile lessons from Europe's productive gardeners. Journal of Rural Studies 32: 148-157.

Spilková, J., L. Fendrychová and M. Syrovátková. 2013. Farmers' markets in Prague: a new challenge within the urban shoppingscape. Agriculture and Human Values 30(2): 179-191.

Spilková, J. and R. Perlín. 2013. Farmers' markets in Czechia: risks and possibilities. Journal of Rural Studies 32: 220–229.

Spilková, J. and J. Vágner. 2018. Food gardens as important elements of urban agriculture: spatio-developmental trends and future prospects for urban gardening in Czechia. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography 72(1): 1-12.

Staddon, C. 2009. Towards a critical political ecology of human–forest interactions: collecting herbs and mushrooms in a Bulgarian locality. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34(2): 161-176.

Stahl, J. 2012. Rent from the land: a political ecology of postsocialist rural transformation. New York: Anthem Press.

Stephenson, G., L. Lev and L. Brewer. 2008. 'I'm getting desperate': what we know about farmers' markets that fail. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23(3): 188-199.

Storper, M. and R. Salais. 1997. Worlds of production: the action frameworks of the economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sutcliffe, L.M.E., P. Batáry, U. Kormann, A. Báldi, L.V. Dicks, I. Herzon and T. Tscharntke. 2015. Harnessing the biodiversity value of Central and Eastern European farmland. Diversity and Distributions 21(6): 722-730.

Swain, N. 2004. Saddling a cow: the acceding countries and the common agricultural policy. In Shinichiro T. and I. Akihiro (eds.). Slavic Eurasia's integration into the world economy and community. Sapporo, Japan: Slavic-Eurasian Research Center.

Swain, N. 2016. Eastern European rurality in a neo-liberal, European Union world. Sociologia Ruralis 56(4): 574-596.

Syrovátková, M. 2016. The adoption of a local food concept in post-communist context: farm shops in Czechia. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 70(1): 24-40.

Syrovátková, M., J. Hrabák and J. Spilková. 2015. Farmers' markets' locavore challenge: the potential of local food production for newly emerged farmers' markets in Czechia. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30(4): 305-317.

Thilmany, D., C.A. Bond and J.K. Bond. 2008. Going local: exploring consumer behavior and motivations for direct food purchases. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 90(5): 1303-1309.

USDA. 2016. USDA releases results of first local food marketing practices survey. Retrieved September 14 2019 from https://www.nass.usda.gov/Newsroom/archive/2016/12_20_16.php

Van Der Ploeg, J.D. 2008. The new peasantries: struggles for autonomy and sustainability in an era of empire and globalization. London: Earthscan.

Van Der Ploeg, J.D. and H. Renting. 2004. Behind the 'redux': a rejoinder to David Goodman. Sociologia Ruralis 44(2): 234-242.

Van Der Ploeg, J.D., H. Renting, G. Brunori, K. Knickel, J. Mannion, T. Marsden, K. De Roest, E. Sevilla-Guzmán and F. Ventura. 2000. Rural development: from practices and policies towards theory. Sociologia Ruralis 40(4): 391-408.

Varga, M. 2018. 'Subsistence' readings: World Bank and state approaches to commercialising agriculture in post-communist Eurasia. The Journal of Development Studies 55(6): 1253-1266.

Venn, L., M. Kneafsey, L. Holloway, R. Cox, E. Dowler and H. Tuomainen. 2006. Researching European "alternative" food networks: some methodological considerations. Area 38(3): 248-258.

Verdery, K. 1996. What was socialism, and what comes next? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Walls, H.L., L. Cornelsen, K. Lock and R.D. Smith. 2016. How much priority is given to nutrition and health in the EU Common Agricultural Policy? Food Policy 59: 12-23.

Werner, M. 2016. Global production networks and uneven development: exploring geographies of devaluation, disinvestment, and exclusion. Geography Compass 10(11): 457-469.

Whatmore, S. and N. Clark. 2008. Good food: ethical consumption and global change. In Clark N., D. Massey and P. Sarre (eds.). Material geographies: a world in the making. London: Sage.

Whatmore, S. and L. Thorne. 1997. Nourishing networks: alternative geographies of food. In Goodman D. and M.J. Watts (eds.). Globalising food: agrarian questions and global restructuring. London: Routledge.

Wills, B. and A. Arundel. 2017. Internet-enabled access to alternative food networks: a comparison of online and offline food shoppers and their differing interpretations of quality. Agriculture and Human Values 34(3): 701-712.

Wilson, A.D. 2013. Beyond alternative: exploring the potential for autonomous food spaces. Antipode 45(3): 719-737.

Wilson, M. 2014. Everyday moral economies: food, politics and scale in Cuba. Malden, MA: Wiley.

Wilson, M. (ed.). 2016. Postcolonialism, indigeneity and struggles for food sovereignty: alternative food networks in subaltern spaces. London: Routledge.

Wittman, H., M. Beckie and C. Hergesheimer. 2012. Linking local food systems and the social economy? Future roles for farmers' markets in Alberta and British Columbia. Rural Sociology 77(1): 36-61.

Yotova, M. 2018. The "goodness" of homemade yogurt: self-provisioning as sustainable food practices in post-socialist Bulgaria. Local Environment 23(11): 1063-1074.

Zagata, L. 2010. How organic farmers view their own practice: results from the Czech Republic. Agriculture and Human Values 27(3): 277-290.

ŽakeviÄiÅ«tÄ—, R. 2019. Rural livelihood diversification: a solution for poverty in the postâ€Soviet rural Baltic states? Sociologia Ruralis 59(3): 560-580.

Zitcer, A. 2015. Food coâ€ops and the paradox of exclusivity. Antipode 47(3): 812-828.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23026

Copyright (c) 2020 Renata Blumberg, Helga Leitner, Valentine Cadieux

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.